Cerebral palsy is usually caused by a problem that affects the development of a baby's brain while it's growing in the womb. These include: damage to part of the brain called white matter, possibly as a result of a reduced blood or oxygen supply – this is known as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL).

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that often co-occur, with some individuals exhibiting symptoms of both. While both can cause difficulties in attention, social interaction, and executive functioning, they also have distinct characteristics.

Hydrocephalus is the abnormal buildup of fluid within your brain. Hydrocephalus comes from the Greek words “hydro,” which means water, and “cephalus,” which means head. Hydrocephalus was once known as “water on the brain.” The “water” is actually cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — a clear, colorless fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord.

The brachial plexus is a bundle of nerves that stems from nerve roots in the cervical (neck) and upper trunk (torso) sections of the spinal cord, creating a network that connects to the nerves in the arm. These nerves control the motions of your wrists, hands and arms, allowing you to raise your arm.

Hemiplegia is a symptom that involves one-sided paralysis. Hemiplegia affects either the right or left side of your body. It happens because of brain or spinal cord injuries and conditions. Depending on the cause, hemiplegia can be temporary or permanent. Some causes of hemiplegia are treatable or even reversible with immediate medical care.

A deformity is an abnormality in the musculoskeletal make up. Deformities can cause pain, discomfort and restriction to normal movement. There can be a variety of causes for deformities to occur, varying in the level of disability caused to the individual. Physiotherapy treatment can offer assistance to improve function and independence.

Toe walking, also known as walking on the balls of the feet or tip-toe walking, is a common gait pattern in children, particularly as they learn to walk. While it's usually a temporary phase, it can persist and may sometimes be a sign of an underlying medical condition. Toe walking sometimes can result from certain conditions, including cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy and autism spectrum disorder.

Down syndrome is a genetic condition where a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This means that they have a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. This can affect how their brain and body develop. People diagnosed with Down syndrome have happy and healthy lives with supportive care.